Climate Change Has Been Recently A Hot Debate Among...

Climate change has been recently a hot debate among politicians, industry experts and scientists, in particular after Paris agreement in Dec 2015. This agreement sets out a global action plan to limit global warming below 2 degree centigrade by reducing carbon emission (European Commission 2015). Fossil fuel combustion is the most important player in carbon emission although certain industrial processes and land-use changes have some contribution (Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2016). Therefore; it is believed that fossil fuel is one of the major parameters that plays a significant role in climate change. In this regard, Australia’s domestic emission is estimated to be approximately one and half million tonnes per day which means 73 kilograms per capita (Holmes2014). Compared to European Union, China and the world average with 27, 21 and 18 kg per capita carbon emission, Australia stands at a one of the highest levels in the world. It seems that the Australian government needs to la unch a plan to reduce the carbon emission by a steady decrease in fossil fuel consumption. Despite blaming the fossil fuel due to its significant role in climate change and its consequences, fossil fuel in any form, coal, oil and natural gas has undeniably been the major energy source for technology developments since industrial revolution era. Therefore, to reduce fossil fuel consumption, it is necessary to find out potential alternatives. There are some realistic options compatible with AustralianShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescollection document in detail, paradox pervades the time span we call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. 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Adidas and its Ethical and CSR - 1441 Words

Ethics and corporate Social responsibility:- Ethics is defined as what is right and what is wrong. Every business should behave ethically. The moral principles that guide the way a business behaves are business Ethics. Ethics are moral guidelines to people or to an organisation which govern good behaviour. So behaving ethically is doing what is morally right. Doing an ethical business may always be not profitable but it will be more beneficial to company and the people involved in company as well as the people who are getting influenced by the company. If a company is acting ethically then it is trying to differentiate between right and wrong and then chose the right decision for everyone. It is very easy it identify any unethical†¦show more content†¦It provides a conceptual framework that enables Adidas stakeholders — from its 50,000 employees on through to suppliers, customers and communities — to better and more easily understand, assess and realize the multinational footwear and sportswear companyâ⠂¬â„¢s sustainability goals. Adidas 4Ps approach:- Recently Adidas have launched waterless dying technology known as DryDye technology. This technology instead of consuming 25 litters of water necessary to dye one t-shirt, the DryDye technology uses none–instead, the dye is injected using compressed carbon dioxide. The result is a garment using not only 50 percent less chemicals and energy, but in the long run has a lower environmental impact because the CO2-based dye actually lingers in the fabric longer. This concept helps in reduction of consumption of water in dying process. Before Adidas used to produce large number of samples for marketing purpose and we all know that samples produced where all wasteful. Now designers and marketers in Adidas are using Virtual technology which is far better and cost effective. In comparison to 2010 they have reduced the number of samples produced to 600000 in 2011/2012. It helps to save lot more of resources which would have being used in production of samples. 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Challenges Of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation In Iran Larg

Questions: Identify Project concept, scope, aims and objectives and apply appropriate project management tools techniques for effective and successful implementation of the project and by using appropriate scope, time, quality and cost parameters. Appraise key aspects of the project management strategy to the organizational structure and business environment of the organization. Recommend a suitable structure and processes for project monitoring and control using relevant Project tools, techniques and graphic representation of data. Address organizational aspects like quality, risk management and include financial forecasting, uncertainty risk analysis. Integrate planning with estimating and budgeting, budgetary control and use an appropriate planning, execution, implementation and management strategy. Answers: Introduction The project that has been chosen is Successful ERP implementation for a manufacturing organization. The Project Manager will carry out the complete strategic business management. The process will include project management tools, techniques, and explanation of project life cycle, human resource management, communication plan and key deliverables. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning and for a manufacturing oriented organization, automated system will help in error minimization[1]. Thus, the ERP implementation will relate and coordinate all the business units, manufacturing departments, inventories, and supply chain and accounts management. In this project, the management organization that has been chosen is Kohler Company. This organization deals with manufacturing furniture, tile, cabinetry, generators and engines. This is a private oriented organization and is old enough to support the overwhelming demands at present. Thus, the organization needs to install central based data system, such as ERP, which will help in understanding the present inventory and accounts possibilities[2]. Therefore, in this project, through Work Breakdown Structure and project management tools, ERP implementation will be delivered with several charts and tabulations. The main aim of this project is to reduce the expense for human resource and increase coordination among different departments such as suppliers, vendors, distributors, production unit, managers, inventories, warehouse and accounts. Project Management Plan The project management plan can be described in the following chart: Project Title: Successful ERP implementation for a manufacturing organization Project Manager: Executive Sponsor: Principal Stakeholder: Business Owner Project Charter: Implementation of ERP system for business development and sustainability Scope: Organization is currently progressing with increasing demand, hence with ERP implementation; automated process will reduce production time and technological development. Aim: Enhance the technological innovation and coordination of business units to ensure sustainability. Objectives: 1. To reduce overhead expense 2. To enhance communication and organizational sustainability 3. To create a central based data system Table 1: Project Management Plan (Source: Author) Stakeholder Identification Serial Number Stakeholders Explanation 1 Business Owner The main stakeholder of this project is Business Owner as he holds the political and financial assurance of the organization. The impact of the project will give the best result for the business owner, as the return on technological investment will generate sophisticated positive outcome. 2 Hired Engineers The organization at present has` very less technology usage. Thus, the automated system will need to be enhanced, which will include engineers from other sectors. 3 Sales and marketing department The affected business is not confined to one particular unit and thus, approval relates to sales and marketing department. At most of the time, the officials are not able to coordinate with the vendors and distributors, which will be addressed by ERP Table 2: ERP Project Stakeholder Identification Source: [3] Project Management Plan Figure 1: ERP Project Management Source: [4] Work Breakdown Structure Figure 2: Work Breakdown Structure of Project Source: [5] From the above WBS, four important activities can be identified, which are Project Preparatory, System Architecture Design, Business Blueprint and Configuration and development. Figure 3: ERP Work Breakdown Structure Source: [6] After signing-off configuration, defining authorization is required, which will be followed by data conversion, program development and system testing. Testing of system will help in identifying any problems that have been not taken care earlier. Figure 4: ERP Work Breakdown Structure Source: [7] This model is the final stage of ERP implementation as the system will be tested on existing system which will consist of training, testing and cut-over. Project Life Cycle Project Life Cycle of ERP implementation can be divided into 8 stages. Pre-evaluation Screening There are lots packages available for ERP implementation in the market. With too many packages, the business process becomes complicated[8]. Thus, for this organization, it needs to include less number of package as the business units are comparatively lower than multinational organizations. Evaluation Package After one particular package is selected, the organization needs to identify whether it has the capability of implementing the system, as ERP implementation costs a huge amount[9]. Thus, any package needs to be compared with alternatives and then progress will need to be initiated. Project Planning After the package is finalized, ERP implementation will start where roles, responsibilities, functions, time, resource, deadline and related costs will be segregated and aligned[10]. Work Breakdown Structure will be followed in this stage and each of the activities will be allowed ample amount of time and testing. Gap Analysis Post implementation, this phase is the most critical, as the organization will come to know about the systematic model. Organization will know where they are now and where they want to be in future. Even the best selected package will end by delivering 80% functional support, and rest 20% will contain unavoidable risks. Reengineering Any type of malfunctions and systematic problems will be mitigated by additional human resource deployment. This phase is after testing the WBS and necessary changes will be done in this phase so that system is more concrete and efficient[11]. Team Training In this stage, employees within the organization, who will test the automated system will be given training. Adequate time and cost will be allocated and even those employees will be selected who has the best experience and knowledge of the organization. Testing In this stage, the automate system will be tested in real case scenarios. Extreme cases will be tested such as system overload, invalid data entry, multiple user log in and accessibility of hackers. Weak link is used in this testing stage to determine the least possible risk[12]. Post implementation After testing and implementation is done, the consultants and vendors will operate the system and will confirm the go live. Employees, users and other stakeholders will be made aware of the system so that fluid functioning is processed in future. Figure 5: ERP Project Life Cycle Source: [13] Project Management Process Planning Financial planning is the main factor for ERP implementation. There are four elements of budgeting, which are software, maintenance fees, hardware and implementation services. Microsoft Dynamics GP is the software which has the same price all over the market. 18% of the total software cost will be allocated for maintenance fees. For infrastructure, new server will need to be purchased. Microsoft SQL server will be included in this section. Implementation services is completely unknown, which will vary as per the need of business. Monitoring In order to monitor, the consultants and project team will identify the faults in the system. The whole system will be made automated and thus, each of the departmental progress will be customized in this section. SQL server will help in restoring security evaluation and technicians will determine any alteration. Control Process Groups Control process groups will determine the following tools and techniques for ERP implementation: Database management tools Relational database like Sybase, Oracle, DB2, Microsoft SQL Multiple centralized data flow Interface with permission control Content writing ERP tool Logistics department tool Workflow management tool Modules and data repositories Agiloft Workflow Inetlex Business management Reporting tool Real time data review Browser based installation with charts/graphs/tables Communication tool Automated email and instant messaging Broadcast messaging Analytical tools Predictive analysis and data mining Task scheduling tool Clear vision of activity completion in WBS Current and future workload Table 3: Techniques for ERP Implementation Source: [14] Quality Total Quality Management During the project life cycle, Total Quality management (TQM) will be ensured if all the stakeholders are made aware of the business case. Stakeholders will consist of company executives, consultants, vendors, IT team, sponsors and external agency. Project success metrics will be set according to key success indicators. Business case will be supported by IT technicians from different agencies who will give the best management determinants. Each activity from WBS has to be completed and then next activity will commence. Quality Assurance With each stage of project life cycle, gap is projected. Amount of resource and functionalities are to be justified. Quality assurance will be justified at the time of testing the project by the consultants. Gap of the project can be minimized if each of the activities are looked after just after the completion. Figure 6: Gap Analysis Source: [15] Quality Control Project can be controlled by ERP models, Artifacts and Processes. Central standards need to be defined so that importance of operating life is justified. As the organization operates on cash basis, hence it need to move on to accrual-based practices for accounting, which will change the chart of accounts. Documents and reports related to artifacts are to be provided in weekly basis so that the progress can be tracked. Human Resource Management At present the organization is completely dependent on unitary business processes where all the departments are differentiated. Manual data input is followed and thus, Information Technology team needs to be incorporated. The key players for the project are: Key Players Key Activities Project Champion Team Acceptance of technology and incorporating strategies in the organization Top Management User education and training Consultant Implementation Project management Steering Committee Selection of appropriate package Project Team Customization Vendor participation Data conversion and analysis Change management Business process education Interdepartmental communication Table 4: Human Resource Management for ERP Implementation Source: [16] Steering and consultant team will have to be hired from other agencies who will select the appropriate package of ERP. Key Resources Key Resources Explanation Human Resource IT team Project Consultants Steering team Security team Departmental team Operational team Vendor Project Champion Team System Requirement Software Cloud based server (SAAS) Fitrix ERP License Linux Server Red Hat Enterprise Series SUSE CentOS Ubuntu Debian Hardware CPU: Pentium 4 CPU Speed: 2.8Ghz RAM 16 GB Processor: 64 bit Disk: 128 GB SATA Network Card: Ethernet (10/100/1000) Finance System Requirement $ 5,00,000 (Total cost) Maintenance and testing 20% of total cost IT Team 30 % of total cost Table 5: ERP Resources Source: [17] Organization Chart The steering committee will be responsible for ERP implementation, and thus the organizational chart is below: Figure 7: Organization Chart Source: [18] From the organization chart, it can be understood that steering committee will hold the complete project consisting of project manager and change management committee. The Project Champion Team will be for change management committee. Costing and accounting will be determined by product fabrication. Each of the vital departments such as marketing, accounts, inventory and logistics will have communication with ICT team and consultant team so that most flexible framework is achieved. Communication Plan Deliverable Info (What) Recipients (Who) Delivery Method (How) Schedule (When) Who is responsible Project Information Project Team Conference Calls Team Meetings SharePoint As needed Project Manager Project Status PMO Director Project Planner Email ePortfolio By 4pm every Monday By 12 noon every Wednesday Project Manager Agenda/Minutes Steering Committee Project Team Team meetings SharePoint Email Monthly Project Manager Timeline Update Executive Sponsor Mtgs Steering Committee SharePoint Meetings As needed Project Manager Project Updates Project Manager Conference Calls Team Meetings SharePoint As needed Project Team Project Risks Executive Sponsor Project Team Steering Committee Meeting Minutes Risk Documents As needed Project Manager Table 6: Communication Plan for ERP implementation Source: [19] From the above it can be identified that each of the deliverables will be communicated to the project manager. Project manager will stay in touch with the project requirements and key resources in accordance to activities in Work Breakdown Structure. Preliminary requirements will be done by conference calls and team meetings and SharePoint technology. Intermediate mails and ePortfolio will be generated for each of the members of project planner[20]. Once in a week report will be delivered to the manager and necessary communication will be done through the portals. Steering committee will create individual employee portal through which necessary communication will be done at the training and testing schedule so that any faults are identified immediately. Meeting minutes, test documents, team meetings, conference calls, emails and reports will be the mode of communication[21]. Milestone and Deliverable Figure: Milestone deliverable of ERP implementation according to timeframe Source: [22] The whole timeframe has been divided into 6 parts, and each part denote 6 months. From project planning to testing and training has been delivered for the total time frame of 3 years. The milestone and key project deliverables that can be understood from the above diagram are given below: Serial Number Key deliverables Explanation 1 Project and subsidiary plan Determination of project objective and scope 2 Kickoff presentation Provides the signal for starting the implementation and execution after approval from organization 3 Training courses for team Preliminary teaching of ERP course and system to the existing employees of the organization 4 Scenario list of business Each of the processes of the department is processed 5 White paper blueprint Each of the departmental operations are documented 6 Issues and gaps database Differences between calculated and projected outcome are ascertained, which helps in determining pertaining issues 7 Change management plan User skill upgradation is done by project team so that employees become flexible with the installation of new system 8 Presentation walkthrough Departmental business processes are presented that consist of marketing and sales, accounts, inventories and logistics 9 Scenario script Detailed instruction of each of the business scenario is displayed so that project manager gets to know about the project progress 10 Training courses for user The ERP application details and new operating methods are explained to the employees so that least error is expected 11 User documentation Each of the project deliverables are combined into one particular document in a form of report 12 IT specifications The detailed interfaces, customizations and special projects are displayed to the project manager 13 Migration Plan Mapping out tasks and legacy data entry for conversion will be done 14 Cutover plan Tasks of final week will be documented Table 7: Key deliverables of ERP implementation Project Source: [23] Business Risk The organization currently falls under SME and thus, with the implementation of ERP several risks may happen. Project Management The organization may fail to have timely decision making capability by the top management. Lack of initiative, slow decision making and insignificant communication among the stakeholders such as IT group, executive management and business owners may result in project risk. The project management office (PMO) selects the steering committee but often it is found that the members do not know about their responsibilities and information of the organization[24]. This may fail the ERP project management, leading to a huge loss of business. For the concerned organization, such risk is moderate and can be mitigated if the top executive gains motivation and initiative to implement ERP. Project Schedule and Plan Most of the ERP implementation projects fail because of improper timeframe and schedule[25]. For this organization, the whole timeframe has been divide into 6 parts, which is enough, but some of the activities are too much interdependent in WBS. This may delay the activities making the project more complex and resource consuming. The impact is huge for Kohler, as it may run out of resources and can be mitigated if number of staffs in steering committee is increased. Change management This organization is hundred years and most of the employee are old enough to understand the new automated system. Such advanced change may not be suitable for the employees, which may incur a huge loss for the organization. The severity of the risk is high and can be mitigated if new employees are recruited. New employees will be divided into each department who will stand for the organization future. Cutover Cutover indicates shutting down existing system prior to the ERP go live. Many employees will be deployed and new staffs will be added. This is moderate risk for the organization as it may not have the support of old employees and historical methods of handling the critical situation. This risk can be mitigated by extending the cutover time. Conclusion From the project management, it can be concluded that for a SME, Enterprise Resource Planning is vital for its sustainability. The organization needs to incorporate infrastructural change and for that system automation will help in best possible way of communication. From inventory to distribution, the production cycle will be enhanced leading to more sales and a competitive strategy in the industry. On the other hand, the organization will need to incur some risk related to finance and human resource. The timeframe is of 3 years, which is sufficient, but the WBS activities will have to be processed out efficiently so that project is accurately managed by all the stakeholders. Reference List Babaei M, Gholami Z and Altafi S, "Challenges Of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation In Iran Large Organizations" (2015) 54 Information Systems Babu K and Bezawada M, "Enterprise Resource Planning" SSRN Electronic Journal Barrons K, "Flipped Instructional Technology:" (2015) 6 International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications Botchkarev A and Finnigan P, "Complexity In The Context Of Information Systems Project Management" (2015) 2 Organisational Project Management Esendemirli E, Turker D and Altuntas C, "An Analysis Of Interdepartmental Relations In Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation:" (2015) 11 International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems Ferreira A, "Utilizando A Satisfao Dos Usurios Como Forma De Avaliao De Um Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 13 Exacta Grygorkiv V, Verstiak A and Grygorkiv M, "Market Analysis Of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems With Focus On Ukraine" (2015) 3 MEST Journal J.Albarakati A and Qayyum J, "Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II" (2015) 8 IJAIS J.Albarakati A, "An Overview Of Implementation Of Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 8 IJAIS J.Albarakati A, "Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation In Institutions And Its Civilizing Temperament/Nature" (2015) 8 IJAIS Joslin R and Mller R, "Relationships Between A Project Management Methodology And Project Success In Different Project Governance Contexts" (2015) 33 International Journal of Project Management Link B and Back A, "Classifying Systemic Differences Between Software As A Service- And On-Premise-Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 28 Journal of Ent Info Management Orougi S, "Recent Advances In Enterprise Resource Planning" [2015] 10.5267/j.ac Patanakul P, "Key Attributes Of Effectiveness In Managing Project Portfolio" (2015) 33 International Journal of Project Management Rauth Bhardwaj B, "Sustainable Supply Chain Management Through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A Model Of Sustainable Computing" (2015) 1 IJMSBA Rehman Khan S and Qian Li D, "Case Of Civic Company: The Implementation Of Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 8 IBR Saide and Mahendrawathi E, "Knowledge Management Support For Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation" (2015) 72 Procedia Computer Science Sankaran S, "Call For Papers Special Issue: Project Management In The Non-Profit Sector" (2015) 2 Organisational Project Management Shannak R, "The Impact Of Implementing An Enterprise Resource Planning System On Organizational Performance Using Balanced Scorecard" (2015) 8 jmr Shen C, "Factors Of Data Infrastructure And Resource Support Influencing The Integration Of Business Intelligence Into Enterprise Resource Planning Systems" (2015) 9 International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems Singh K and Best P, "Design And Implementation Of Continuous Monitoring And Auditing In SAP Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 19 International Journal of Auditing Venkadasalam S, "Linear Programming: An Alternative Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) In Higher Learning Institution" (2015) 6 Journal of Business and Economics [1] Mohammadreza Babaei, Zahra Gholami and Soudabeh Altafi, "Challenges of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation in Iran Large Organizations" (2015) 54 Information Systems. [2] Chien Wen Shen, "Factors Of Data Infrastructure And Resource Support Influencing The Integration Of Business Intelligence Into Enterprise Resource Planning Systems" (2015) 9 International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems. [3] K.V.S.N Jawahar Babu and Munirajasekhar Bezawada, "Enterprise Resource Planning" SSRN Electronic Journal. [4] Kevin Paul Barrons, "Flipped Instructional Technology:" (2015) 6 International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications. [5] Alexei Botchkarev and Patrick Finnigan, "Complexity In The Context Of Information Systems Project Management" (2015) 2 Organisational Project Management. [6] Alexei Botchkarev and Patrick Finnigan, "Complexity In The Context Of Information Systems Project Management" (2015) 2 Organizational Project Management. [7] Alexei Botchkarev and Patrick Finnigan, "Complexity In The Context Of Information Systems Project Management" (2015) 2 Organisational Project Management. [8] Shankar Sankaran, "Call For Papers Special Issue: Project Management In The Non-Profit Sector" (2015) 2 Organisational Project Management. [9] Kishore Singh and Peter J. Best, "Design And Implementation Of Continuous Monitoring And Auditing In SAP Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 19 International Journal of Auditing. [10] Rifat O. Shannak, "The Impact Of Implementing An Enterprise Resource Planning System On Organizational Performance Using Balanced Scorecard" (2015) 8 jmr. [11] Syed Abdul Rehman Khan and Dong Qian Li, "Case Of Civic Company: The Implementation Of Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 8 IBR. [12] Saide and E.R. Mahendrawathi, "Knowledge Management Support For Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation" (2015) 72 Procedia Computer Science. [13] Ebru Esendemirli, Duygu Turker and Ceren Altuntas, "An Analysis Of Interdepartmental Relations In Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation:" (2015) 11 International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems. [14] Adriane Pedroso Dias Ferreira, "Utilizando A Satisfao Dos Usurios Como Forma De Avaliao De Um Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 13 Exacta. [15] Vasyl Grygorkiv, Andrii Verstiak and Mariia Grygorkiv, "Market Analysis Of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems With Focus On Ukraine" (2015) 3 MEST Journal. [16] Vasyl Grygorkiv, Andrii Verstiak and Mariia Grygorkiv, "Market Analysis Of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems With Focus On Ukraine" (2015) 3 MEST Journal. [17] Aiman J.Albarakati, "Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation In Institutions And Its Civilizing Temperament/Nature" (2015) 8 IJAIS. [18] Aiman J.Albarakati, "An Overview Of Implementation Of Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 8 IJAIS. [19] Aiman J.Albarakati and Junaid Qayyum, "Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II" (2015) 8 IJAIS. [20] Broto Rauth Bhardwaj, "Sustainable Supply Chain Management Through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A Model Of Sustainable Computing" (2015) 1 IJMSBA. [21] Saravanan Venkadasalam, "Linear Programming: An Alternative Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) In Higher Learning Institution" (2015) 6 Journal of Business and Economics. [22] Robert Joslin and Ralf Mller, "Relationships Between A Project Management Methodology And Project Success In Different Project Governance Contexts" (2015) 33 International Journal of Project Management. [23] Bjrn Link and Andrea Back, "Classifying Systemic Differences Between Software As A Service- And On-Premise-Enterprise Resource Planning" (2015) 28 Journal of Ent Info Management. [24] Sara Orougi, "Recent Advances In Enterprise Resource Planning" [2015] 10.5267/j.ac. [25] Peerasit Patanakul, "Key Attributes Of Effectiveness In Managing Project Portfolio" (2015) 33 International Journal of Project Management.

Short story by John Updike free essay sample

As people age, maturity and wisdom is gained through every experiences. From the time a child turns eighteen and becomes an adult, they are required to deal with the realities of the real world and learn how to handle its responsibilities. In John Updikes short story, Aamp;P, the narrator Sammy, a young boy of nineteen, makes a major change to his life fueled by nothing more than his immaturity and desire to do what he wants and because of that, he has do deal with the consequences. From the beginning of the story, it is clear that Sammy does not likes his job, nor is he fond of the customers and people he is surrounded by each day. To Sammy, they are nothing more than sheep going through the motions of life. I bet you could set off dynamite in an Aamp;P and the people would by and large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists and muttering ‘Let me see, there was a third thing, began with A, asparagus, no, ah, yes, applesauce! or whatever it was they do mutter. We will write a custom essay sample on Short story by John Updike or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Updike 616). He view them negatively; to him they are boring and useless, living dull and unimportant lives and its obvious through Sammy that he doesnt want to ever become one of them, nor does he want to be around them. It is also clear through Sammy and everyone else who works at the Aamp;P that the job is boring, simply by the way they react to the arrival of the three unique teenage girls. Granted the only people working in the store are men, they still find the arrival of the girls to be extremely exciting and an event worth waiting for. The stores pretty empty, it being Thursday afternoon, so there was nothing much to do except lean on the register and wait for the girls to show up again(Updike 617). They take pleasure in the girls visits, and when they do arrive, Sammy makes it clear that he is not the only one captivated by them; McMahon at the meat counter is seen sizing up their joints (Updike 617) and Stokesie expresses a constant fixation with the girls as well, which he shares with Sammy the first time they come into the store. Also, in contrast to the sheep, he views the girls as though they are superior to everyone else in the store. They stand out amongst the customers, walking against the usual traffic(Updike 616), and not blending in, and Sammy almost idolizes that; he sees the way their simplistic yet unique appearance and actions distinguish them and he seems to really appreciate it. About the Queenie he says, I mean, it was more than pretty(Updike 619). And in reference to the other customers reaction Sammy says, †¦ there was no doubt, this jiggled them. A few houseslaves in pin curlers even looked around after pushing their carts past to make sure what they had seen was correct (Updike 616). Although Sammy isnt really voicing a positive or negative stance on the issue here, he makes an effort to point out how unique and almost distracting they are to everyone in the store. It also becomes clear that Sammy wants to know more about them through his fixation with them, which may add to the reason he wanted to quit; he hoped to captivate their attention and gain their praise. When Sammy sees the store manager, Lengel, embarrass the girls, not only does Sammy see the ability to look heroic in front of his three mystery girls, like an unsuspected hero (Updike 618), he also sees the ability to get out of his boring nine to five job. Partially, because he is only nineteen and very immature in the way he views the world, he may have thought the girls would find him heroic. However, as soon as he quits his job he realizes that they didnt seem to care; it was just a silly childish fantasy he hoped would come true. After leaving the store, Sammy says I look around for my girls, but theyre gone of course (Updike 619) as though he knew from the beginning that although in his mind it may have seemed like something worth praise, they really wouldnt care at all. However, Sammy’s quit is more for himself that the girls in the long run, after all if it was really for the girls he wouldve ceased quitting the moment the girls rushed out and flicker[ed] across the lot to their car (Updike 618). However he proceeds even with the negative aspects attached. â€Å" ‘Sammy, you dont want to do this to your Mom and Dad,’ he tells me. Its true, I dont. But it seems to me that once you begin a gesture its fatal not to go through with it. (Updike 618). Even though he knows this will be difficult for his family he continues to quit. On one hand, he is being mature by not backing down and changing his mind once he realizes the girls are gone, because he is right in that when you make decisions you must follow through with them. However the decision to quit was stupid, drastic, and an immature one to begin with. The story ends with Sammy looking back at Lengel in the store, saying His face was dark gray and his back stiff, as if hed just had an injection of iron, and my stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter (Updike 619). The dark and unappealing imagery he uses to portray Lengel and the store hints that he still views it negatively and he is most likely content with his decision to leave. However he ends realizing how much damage this silly impulse can and will cause him. This may be a lesson for Sammy in which he learns from and gains some maturity; he learns that there are consequences and positives to every situation and it is his responsibility to deal with them as they arise. In this particular situation, although he is happy to not be in his job, he now has to deal with telling his parents he quit and telling them why he made such a rash decision. Then he must deal with their feelings on the matter and what actions they take; they may not care, or its possible, as the story and Lengel suggest, that they will be upset and he will have to deal with that. Regardless, he will definitely learn from this. Overall, the story of Aamp;P summarizes for Sammy, as Bruce Kellner states, â€Å"On first reading or last, the words on the pages of ‘Aamp;P’ do not change, but Sammy changes. Sammy takes a step towards maturity and towards learning; he learns about reality and how for every step you take there are consequences, and if you want something you have to deal with the issues that come with it.

Church and state essays

Church and state essays There are many different reasons that the separation of church and state is a good idea. On the contrast there are many different reasons that the union of church and state is a good idea as well. This has been an on going battle since the revolution, when we fought against religious persecution. It is said in many religions that Gods will is good, healthy and above all appropriate for all men and women alike. That God wants what is best for all his children. If the government were to represent Gods will, that belief would be instill to all the people (Gods people) of the nation. Consequently everyone who understands the meaning of Gods will would be a step closer to the better side of life (the right path). Another positive reason for uniting church and state would be that children might better understand their fellow man. They would be able to realize that even though there are differences between them in how they dress, eat, or choosing right from wrong, they all believe there is a higher power and that we all are Gods children. This belief would signify family values within larger communities. In this day in age some of the governments penalties for doing wrong seem to some as too harsh. Some people may think that the Death penalty is wrong, that a person doesnt deserve to die. He might deserve to rot in jail, but religion dictates that it is Gods decision. If religion were to influence the government, than the government might get rid of penalties that might be too harsh. Homeless people, most of the time, have the thought that God wasnt with him or her when there lives fell apart. This idea hangs over their heads and keeps them unmotivated and less likely to get back on there feet. If the government and religion were united, than churches might receive money and therefore would be able to help out the homeless more with shelters and other necessities. T ...

5 Easy Activities for Teaching Point of View

5 Easy Activities for Teaching Point of View The perspective from which a story is told is called  its point of view.  Understanding point of view helps students effectively analyze literature,  improves their critical thinking skills, helps them  understand the author’s purpose, and increases their ability to recognize potential bias. Types of Point of View First person: The main character is telling the story. Uses words such as I, we, and me.Second person: The author is telling the story directly to the reader. Uses words such as you and your.Third person: The author is telling the story, but is not part of it. Uses words such as he, she, and they. Some third-persons narrators are all-knowing, but others have limited knowledge. Types of Point of View Children’s books can make an excellent option for teaching point of view for all grade levels because they often offer concise examples. The three main types of point of view are: First person. A  first person point of view story  is written as if it is being told by the main character and  uses words such as I, we, and me. Two examples are Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss, or I Love You, Stinky Face by Lisa McCourt. Second person. A story told from the second person point of view puts the reader in the action by using words such as you and your. It can be found in titles such as The Monster at the End of This Book by Jon Stone or If You Give a Mouse a Cookie by Laura Numeroff. Third person. Stories written in third person show an outsider’s point of view using  words such as he, she, and they. Books written  in third person  include Stephanie’s Ponytail by Robert Munsch or Officer Buckle and Gloria by Peggy Rathman. There are two different ways third person books may be written:  omniscient and limited. Sometimes, third person point of view  is broken  down further to objective point of view in which the author acts only as a narrator. This style is prevalent in many fairy tales.  Ã‚   In a book using omniscient point of view, the author writes from an outsider’s point of view but  offers  the perspective of multiple characters.  Blueberries for Sal by Robert McCloskey is one example. A third person limited point of view tale is written  from an outsider’s perspective, but the reader only follows the story based on what the main character knows. Harold and the Purple Crayon  by Crockett Johnson or  Bread and Jam for Frances by Russell Hoban are two  examples. Using a Point of View Anchor Chart Anchor charts are visual aids to helps students work more independently. As an instructor teaches a lesson, the core concepts and relevant facts are added to the chart. The completed anchor chart provides students with a resource to which they can refer if they have difficulty remembering the steps or concepts of a lesson. A point of view anchor chart reminds students of the different point of view types with keywords and phrases and examples of the pronouns used to indicate each type. For example, a student reading If You Give a Mouse a Cookie reads the line, â€Å"If you give a mouse a cookie, he’s going to ask for a glass of milk. When you give him the glass of milk, he’ll probably ask for a straw.† He sees the keyword â€Å"you† that indicates that the author is addressing the reader. Based on the anchor chart keywords, the student  identifies the book’s point of view as  second person. Point of View Scavenger Hunt Help students become adept at correctly identifying point of view with a scavenger hunt. Visit the library or bookstore or provide a wide assortment of children’s books in the classroom. Give students a sheet of paper and a pencil. Instruct them to work on their own or in small groups, searching for at least one example (and listing its  title and author) of a book for each point of view type. Pronoun Perspective This hands-on activity will  help students gain a more concrete understanding of the three main points of view. First, divide a whiteboard into three sections: 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person. Next, select one student to perform an everyday activity, such as making a sandwich. The student will narrate each step using first-person pronouns as he completes it. For example, â€Å"I am placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Write the student’s sentence in the 1st person column.  Then, choose other students to restate the same sentence in 2nd and 3rd person, writing their sentences in the appropriate column. Second person: â€Å"You are placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Third person:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He is placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Repeat the process for all steps of making a sandwich. Point of View Flip Help students understand how point of view changes a story. First, read or tell the traditional story of  The Three Little Pigs.  Discuss with students how the story would  change if it were being told in first person by  one of the pigs or the wolf, rather than being told in third person.   The third pig wouldn’t know anything that  happened before his brothers arrived, breathless, at his door. Is he relieved that he can help his brothers? Angry that they led the wolf to his house? Proud that his home is the strongest? After your discussion, read The True Story of the Three Little Pigs by Jon Scieszka, which relates the tale from the wolf’s point of view. Comparing Points of View Another way to help students understand point of view is to choose a book that tells the same story from multiple points of view, such as Voices in the Park by Anthony Brown. (Older students may enjoy using  Wonder by R.J. Palacio for this activity.) Read the book. Then, use a Venn diagram to compare the differences and similarities of the events based on two or more characters’ points of view.

Reaesrch Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reaesrch Analysis - Research Paper Example This was necessary in order to ascertain the accuracy of data and help in statistical analysis. On the part of Kramer, et al. (2008), they adopted randomized or true experiment research design in their study. It had a double blinded trial with placebo controlled comparison between children aged below six years using acetaminophen and ibuprofen. In these two groups, the two medications were alternated with placebo in order to check whether there was a 0.6o C difference between the groups. The rationale for designing this study in this way was so as to check temperature differences between the two groups under study. As such, it was proper because they were checking on the efficacy of these two antipyretic drugs. Link between the Research purpose/question and Design There is a definite link between the research question and design in the study carried out by Britz, J. A., & Dunn, K. S. (2010). The aim of this study was to check on quality of life of patients with heart failure in relat ion to deficits that occasionally arise from healthcare provision. According to Newell & Burnard (2006), data that is used in any scientific study should be collected or based on parameters that are a reflection of the desired outcome. In this regard, the data was collected from three different sources which touched on quality of life. In order to make the design more elaborate, personal data of the patients such as age was also incorporated into the study. The same is true for the study undertaken by Kramer, et al. (2008) who were trying to find the efficacy of two antipyretic drugs. From practice, it is clear that these two drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen are commonly used interchangeably by pediatricians to handle fever problems in children. However, there have been doubts about their efficacy when used together. To check on these doubts, it was necessary to use a controlled double placebo randomized study design. Intervention in Each Study There were no interventions in both t he studies. The Independent and Dependent Variables In the study undertaken by Britz, J. A., & Dunn, K. S. (2010), the dependent variable is quality of life whereas the independent variables were specific self-care deficits. In this study, there was no blinding because it was a descriptive study that relied mostly on data from other sources. According to Newell & Burnard (2006), descriptive studies usually use data from other sources as opposed to data that is measured scientifically in a study. In this regard, the data were either obtained from the patients through questionnaires or from charts of patients. On the other hand, the study by Kramer, et al. (2008) had temperature as the dependent variables whereas efficacy of acetaminophen and ibuprofen was the independent variable. In this study, there was blinding on both groups under study since both of them were using the two drugs. In each group, the participants were supposed to be put on one of the drugs and placebo according to the required dosage prescribed. Each group was assigned a specific drug which was supposed to be administered alternating with the placebo. The pharmacist who administered the drugs to both the groups was not blinded and therefore knew what medication each group was being given and the schedule being followed. However, for the children, their parents and guardians were blinded as to which regimen was being administered to the subjects.

Physics in The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Research Paper

Physics in The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the physics involved in the experiment and how it is used to understand the effect of changes in the atmospheric layers on the ozone layer over the Arctic pole. Various parameters like temperature, pressure, etc. have been measured by custom made apparatus like the interferometers, spectrometers, spectrophotometers, etc. Launch- ACE used two major instruments in the mission. While the first instrument was a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), the other instrument was a dual optical spectrometer (Bernath, na). It was launched by NASA on August 12, 2003 using a Pegasus XL rocket at 650km above the Earth. The satellite was launched at an angle of 740 and orbited the Earth to cover tropical, mid-latitude and the Polar regions. The satellite operated in the UV-Visible-NIR region of the spectrum with the ACE-FTS being used in the NIR region while the MAESTRO Spectrophotometer was being used over the UV-VIS-NIR region (ACE, 2009). FTS operated in the range of 2-13 microns with a high resolution of 0.02cm-1 and a vertical resolution of 4km to up to 150km. the MAESTRO spectrophotometer operated in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral region of 285-1030nm with a vertical resolution of 1-2 km. ... Apart from this information, the satellite was also used to provide vertical profile information for temperature, pressure and the various molecules and their mixing ratios present in the atmospheric layers (ACE, 2009). Constituents- The primary instruments in the satellite are the FTS and the MAESTRO. The ACE-FTS is a Michelson interferometer with two corner cubes for producing the path difference with an end mirror which increases the path difference. The interference fringes are produced with a diode laser operating at 1500nm which are further Fourier Transformed to give the spectra. It has two detectors operating below 100K. Two imagers, one a Visible imager and other a near-IR imager at 0.525 and 1.02 microns are used to study the atmospheric absorption of aerosols and the clouds in the region. These two wavelengths are used for study as they are free of any absorption by the molecules present in the two layers, particularly the stratosphere (Bernath, 2005, pp25-26). The altitude profile information is sun tracked by detectors with 256x256 pixel sensors and a field view of 30mrad and a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 1000. The MAESTRO uses two spectrographs in the two overlapping windows which are 280-550nm and 500-1030nm with a resolution of 2nm. It is noted that the use of two spectrographs enhances the stray-light performance and enables the simultaneous measurement of two spectral bands at a narrow resolution. It also consists of photodiode detectors and a concave grating with an entrance slit always held horizontal to the sunset and sunrise. It also has a vertical resolution of 1-2km and a signal-to-noise

Discussion Questions Essay Example for Free

Discussion Questions Essay †¢ In the video this week, Bill Goodykoontz discusses watching movies as a group in a theater versus watching alone, on computers, or in your home. Explain how the availability of movies has evolved over the last century. Which experience do you prefer and why? You can rent and own movies almost anywhere now, from your phone, computer and TV. I remember when going to the theater was the only way to see a movie, now you can get it right off your computer. We enjoy watching movies directly off from our Netflix account on playstation, its beats paying late fees going to blockbusters and they’re unlimited for a nice fee. †¢ In the Week Two Learnscape, you craft an introductory paragraph for Sen. Johnson for a speech he is giving on the impact of the Internet on politics. After scanning the sites you’ve been given, how comfortable are you with the credibility of the information you found on the Internet? What, if anything, makes you uncomfortable about the credibility of these sources? If you think the information is credible, explain why. Im not comfortable with credibility of the information found on the internet since I don’t know what I’m really suppose to be looking for. †¢ In this week’s video, Bill Goodykoontz discusses the value of critics in popular culture. Do you find value in criticism or do you prefer to experience movies, music, etc., without outside feedback? Explain your answers. Personally, experience movies, music, etc without outside feedback is what I prefer. It makes it harder to view someone else art when you read other criticism because than you expect that predicition †¢ In this week’s video, Bill Goodykoontz discusses having to stay true to your own reactions and experiences when evaluating art. Why is this so difficult to do? What do you think influences us most? Do you try to shape others’ opinions when sharing your thoughts about music and movies? It’s so difficult to stay true to your own reactions about art since there’s so many media and critics in the world. There’s other that try to point out the negative in everything which gets you to start thinking about it. Media has a great impact on what we believe in this world, and shape what we think of certain things. I’ll give my own opinion about music and movies, but I let them view it themselves before really giving my thoughts. †¢ Over the last century, do you think music has changed from being about artistic expression to being more about money and business? Is it even possible for a band or artist to make topical or political commentary in a song today while focusing on turning a profit? Yes, music this century hasn’t been artistic and seem more about the money. Music these days seem more alike with the same rhythm, beat, lyrics and etc. Though you can find a few music artist who have their own taste and don’t care about the money and business. I’ve heard that some artist and bands put political commentary in a song, but I hadn’t been able to capture them. †¢ Feedback Question: How are your time management strategies working for you? Which strategies have been most effective? What time management challenges remain? What may be done about those? Time management is still a tiny struggle, but I’m getting the hang of juggling work, school and my family. It’s just getting back in the schedule of doing work and getting the strength to get it finish. †¢ Feedback Question: How are your reading strategies working for you? Is reading the content of this course same or different from reading content in other courses? Is it easier or harder? Any suggestions for how to make reading this sort of content more effective for yourself? Reading strategies for this class has been a little difficult than my other classes. Their more material to absorb, therefore I need to make more time for it which I plan on doing. Also, I plan on taking notes as I go than review that same day, that way the material will be able to sink in a little more.

How Have I Changed As A Writer? :: Essays Papers

In the past three months I feel like I have accomplished a great deal. As the semester comes to an end I find myself reflecting not only how I have survived the first semester but also what I have learned. The most important thing I have learned so far is how to become a better writer. I did not think it could really happen to me. I did not think I could handle all the work. I did not think I could actually become a better writer. Some how after all the hours of writing, and putting effort into the papers that I wrote this semester, I became a better writer. I did this because I concentrated on two very important areas, with the attitude of, if I could just become better in those then I would become a better writer. With help from an awesome teacher and a reliable tutor I have become a better writer by improving my skills in the areas of procrastination and content. Procrastination has become such a bad habit for me. It is very hard to stop procrastinating everything once you have gotten into the habit of doing it. Once I had a term paper due for my religion class. It was to be ten pages long and we were told to spend a lot of time doing it. Being the procrastinator that I am, I waited to the very last minute to do it. I waited until the night before to do most of it. Needless to say, I was up very late that night. In this class there was always a part of the paper due on a certain date before the final paper was due. Having things due before the final paper is due keeps me on task and keeps me from procrastinating until the day before the paper is due. There was one paper which we had to get sources for a while before the paper was due and it forced me to keep up with the paper, rather than let it go to the last minute. This class has taught me that the earlier you start the more positive your final result will be.

Critical appreciation of the poem “Old Ladies’ Home” by Sylvia Plath with reference to the presentation of old age

George Orwell, one of English literature's most important and famous writers, draws the picture of a dystopia in one of his best known novels 1984. Being considered as a warning against totalitarianism, it is also possible to say that the novel puts forth a road map on how totalitarian regimes work and how certain ideologies are imposed on nations. Creating a world in which the worst possible totalitarian regime is present, Orwell also takes a very close look at the psychological states of people. The writer doesn't only deeply analyze what a totalitarian regime stands for but also introduces the themes of the importance of language, how certain ideologies can be imposed on people and how physical pain can control the human mind. Putting stress on the dreadfulness and the destructive nature of totalitarianism, and also by pointing out that nations can in fact be forced to admire and support such a regime, the writer makes his reader face the cruelest and most realistic aspects of such a horrific repressive regime. Before taking a closer look at the novel, it would be helpful to give background information about the era in which Orwell was influenced to create such a hellish world. 1984 was written in 1949, when Fascism was on the rise, right after the Second World War, when Hitler was defeated and Stalin had performed his cruelest acts. Having worked in Spain in 1936 during the Spanish civil war, Orwell witnessed the cruelty of fascist regimes and had already collected his dreadful memories which lead him to write his political novels. Regarding Orwell's intention in writing 1984, Jenni Calder in her book Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four states: To anyone who was in Britain in the years immediately after the Second World War, and particularly in London, the sights and smell that Orwell recreates will be familiar†¦ In 1984 he translates this situation in to the future by adding details that are unfamiliar (57). Thus, it becomes possible to say that as a result of the world's existing state at the time Orwell wrote 1984, he was deeply concerned about the future and that his pessimist attitude in his novel acted as a warning and as a criticism of totalitarian regimes. Adriaan M. De Lange, in his book The Influence of Political Bias in Selected Essays of George Orwell says, â€Å"The rise of Fascism, Nazism and Stalinist communism in Europe and the resultant tremors in Britain left an indelible mark on Orwell's thought and work (1). † At this point taking a closer look at Orwell's intentions in writing 1984 from the perspective of the Marxist Hungarian critic Georg Lukacs would be convenient. Due to his theory of â⠂¬Å"Reflection† Lukacs claims that literary works would reflect the hidden aspects of the social and political era in which they are written. Parallel to Lukacs' â€Å"Reflection† theory, Orwell reflects his concerns deriving from the political state in which he lives through fiction. Regarding 1984 Calder states, â€Å"Orwell is underlining a psychological as well as a political truth here, which is demonstrated in the kind of mass embracing of authorial influence that came with the rise of Nazism and Stalinism (63). † While the era in which 1984 was written marks itself with political depressions, it also hints that the world was within a phase when totalitarian and fascist regimes were condemned as a result of the devilish acts of Hitler and Stalin. While taking a closer look at the book and the themes it introduces to the reader, the theme of the importance of language gains significance. â€Å"Newspeak†, Oceania's official language, consists of limited words which are created by party members. The language totally deletes some words which are present in the English language such as â€Å"excellent† or â€Å"splendid† and replaces them with an extremely plain word such as â€Å"plusgood†. Changing the language and limiting it in number of words becomes a matter of importance since language is one of the most important tools of expression and thought for human beings. Deleting complex words and limiting language also limits the thoughts of people and enables the party to delete certain concepts from people's minds. As Syme explains Winston how important it is to change the language he says, â€Å"Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it (60). † Analyzing Syme's comment on language, the reader comes to the realization that it is the language itself that makes people think. Hence it becomes understandable that being a totalitarian regime, the party doesn't want its people to think, since thinking may lead to original ideas and thus to through crime. By lowering the language to a very simple state, the party cleverly paralyzes the brains of its people and disables them from thinking. As Syme continues to explain the real aim of the party in creating Newspeak, he also mentions one important topic about language forming concepts. He says: How could you have a slogan like â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† when the concept of freedom has been abolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In fact there will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxy means not thinking-not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness (61). In trying to understand Syme's remark on language, it might be useful to think of Ferdinand de Saussure's theory that discusses whether concepts or objects would really exist if they were not expressed in language. According to Saussure, what makes a concept present is the language itself. He claims that the world is a whole and that the language divides this whole in to separate pieces to make it become more understandable. Thus, a concept or an object which isn't expressed by language wouldn't exist. When â€Å"Newspeak† is concerned, one may claim the same thing. If the word â€Å"Freedom† doesn't exist in Oceania anymore, there wouldn't be such a concept. Thus, one of the most important problems that threaten the party would be removed. When these facts are concerned, simplifying language and removing words that are used to express threatening concepts, would perfectionalize the regime in terms of the obedience of people. Another remarkable aspect about language is that it is one of the most important things that make human beings privileged when compared to animals. As a result of the ability to think, human beings can speak. Thus, decreasing language to a minimum level in words and expression also means the dehumanization of human beings. Limiting people's one and very important ability to think and speak, the party tries to dehumanize human beings and make them become animal-like creatures. Hence, it would be far easier for the party to have full control over its citizens. While language plays a major role in shifting people's thoughts to fit in the Totalitarian regime, another striking aspect of the novel is the theme of how certain ideologies can be imposed on people. As a starting point, the party chooses to change and destruct the past. Replacing true history with a fictional one which glorifies Oceania makes the already powerful party become even more invincible. As it is stated in the novel: And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed-if all records told the same tale-then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: Who controls the present controls the past. ‘ And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered (40). The party creates a kind of reality by creating a past of its own. Since when there's no one who has any historical documents saying that the party's history is shifted from the truth, the party's recreated history w ill become the truth. Hoping that there should be more than this in life, Winston tries to find a proof that the past wasn't always like this and that the past was based on a much better world. Winston tries to link himself with the past. He writes a diary using a pen. The pen, being an object belonging to the past, symbolizes Winston's need for the past and trying to find a little something which would connect him the past that he doesn't know about. Thus, the manipulation of history, in this sense, is directly related to the manipulation of people living in Oceania. Thinking that the world has always been like this, people don't have any expectations from the future and they accept the current regime in all its ways, since they don't have alternatives. However, when Winston is concerned, he is one of the rare citizens who think that the past couldn't be like this and that there was a totally different world. Knowing that history has been changed, Winston wants to find out about the true history. Looking at the issue from Winston's psychological perspective, it might be possible to say that Winston, unhappy in the world he lives in, needs hope for the future. Not knowing what the past was like disables Winston to locate himself somewhere in the future. When the theme of history is regarded, the antique shop can be considered as a symbol of the past. Winston gets deeply interested in the shop starting from the first moment he sees it, as it functions as a page from the past, which isn't manipulated and changed by the party. The paperweight which Winston buys from the shop can also be considered as a symbol of the past. Being a long lost object which Winston doesn't know about, the paperweight functions as what is â€Å"different† and â€Å"unfamiliar† and it gives Winston little hope about a better future. â€Å"Doublethink†, which simply means â€Å"telling deliberate lies and believing in them†, also functions as another aspect about imposing ideologies. The slogans, for example, are products of the â€Å"Doublethink† principle. Orwell uses binary oppositions that say â€Å"War is Peace†, â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† and â€Å"Ignorance is Strength†. He then places them as the main mottos of the party. As doublethink plays a very important role in conditioning people, it also becomes one of the most important sources which provides the regime with permanence. â€Å"Doublethink† marks itself as one of the most important tools of the party, since it's the basic element that makes people favor war. The reason why the party wants people to be in favor of war is once more related to the power theme. Paras Mani Singh, Nardeep Singh Juneja mention in their book Orwell as a Political Novelist that: The only way that Oceania can exist as a state is for it to wage a constant war, the whole structure of society and state is geared to wartime economy and austerity. If there should be peace, the citizens of Oceania might reasonably expect better living conditions, better food and less control by the government (123). Thus, the motto â€Å"War is Peace† becomes very important for the party in order to keep the citizens of Oceania satisfied. Making them watch movies of war and manipulating people in such a way to make them laugh when they see a woman hugging a little child to protect it from bullets, shows how a totalitarian regime would succeed in making people become fond of violence and cruelty. The motto â€Å"Freedom is Slavery†, on the other hand, is related to the idea of being free both in physical and psychological terms. Since freedom of thought and expression are threats to any totalitarian regime, the party replaces the understanding of the concept of â€Å"Freedom† through â€Å"Doublethink† and it creates an irrational way of understanding for its people. Due to the fact that the people of Oceania are anything but free, for they are being watched constantly, it also becomes necessary for the party to make its citizens believe that freedom is a negative thing and that it is nothing but slavery. A this point it might be suitable to mention Foucault's idea of the prison model the Panopticon, that functions as a system that disables the prisoners to know when they are being watched, thus to make them act in proper manners 24/7. Paul Rabinow, in his article The Foucault Reader states: On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplines society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort of social â€Å"quarantine,† to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of â€Å"panopticism (206). Thus it would be possible to say that Big Brother, in the novel, functions as the Panopticon for the citizens of Ocenia, since people never know when they are being watched and due to their fear towards the existing totalitarian power, they act in proper manner when the sanctions of the regime are concerned. As the last motto â€Å"Ignorance is Strength† is concerned, the party makes its final stroke on the big picture by saying that none of these things should be thought through, since ignorance and accepting things just the way they are is a kind of strength. By doing so and by applying these mottos, the party blocks all the ways for its citizens to rebel against the system. The concept of â€Å"Thoughtcrime†, gets under the spotlight at this stage, since despite all the cautions taken against any threat or rebellions against the system, the party guarantees its permanence by also limiting the thoughts of its citizens. Having mentioned that the act of thinking itself is an undesirable act for the regime, the party strictly watches people in all their actions. The screens which are placed all over the city and even in the homes of citizens, completely removes the privacy of Oceania's people. Big Brother's picture staring at its citizens and controlling them in every action they take strengthens the idea of the totalitarian regime in the novel. Looking at Big Brother's picture symbolically, it may become possible to say that Orwell draws parallelism between the picture of Stalin and Big Brother. Drawing the picture of a totalitarian regime, Orwell points out the main principles of how such a regime would succeed. As Robert J. Savage, James Combs and Dan Nimmo quote Jane Kirkpatric's words in their book The Orwellian Moment: In a recent and well known essay, Jane Kirkpatric describes totalitarian societies as ones which drive to establish comprehensive political control over the lives of individuals, obliterating in both theory and practice the distinction between public and private, between objective and subjective, claiming for the state the whole life of people (47). Removing privacy is preventing people from thinking. People mostly think when they are alone and when they are in solitude. For this reason, the party completely removes the chance for its citizens to be alone, thus to think. Thinking is an important theme in the novel since it links the reader to the concept of forming an identity. People who think can have their own views about life and can be considered as individuals. Removing the concept of being an individual is one of the most important goals of the party, since individuality is a threat to any totalitarian regime. As Goldstein lectures Winston in room 101 about individuality he says, â€Å"Can you not understand, Winston, that the individual is only a cell? The weariness of the cell is vigor of the organism. Do you die when you cut your fingernails? (302)† Thus, it becomes plain to see that for the party, being an individual isn't a matter of importance, on the contrary it is something which isn't favored. Since the party only considers being a whole as something important, individuality is something which it wants to completely destroy. Taking a closer look at the novel, it can be said that Winston's ache in his ankle is also a symbol of his individuality. Before meeting Julia, Winston continually mentions an ache in his ankle and when he finally meets her, he mentions that the ache disappears. At the end of the novel when Winston is caught by the party and when he's being tortured in room 101, he receives blows on his ankle. Being an ordinary Oceania citizen, Winston first lacked his individuality. However starting from the moment he meets Julia and starts to have an affair with her, he regains his individuality, for he becomes able to experience something which is private and individual. Winston's love to Julia makes him become separate from the crowd and makes him become different from the rest of the people in Oceania, who have no intention to feel love at all and who only consider marriage as a duty which should be fulfilled for the sake of the party. Sexual life, amongst the people of Oceania is seen as a mission to reproduce and create other useful and loyal citizens for the system. However, the theme of love in Winston and Julia's case individualizes the couple not only in terms of the love they feel for one another, but also in terms of their meetings which they think are in private. Winston and Julia meet in secret places where they think they aren't watched and they get total privacy. Since lacking privacy also disables the people of Oceania from becoming individuals, they are also indirectly disabled from becoming human beings. Dehumanizing people by forbidding them to love and killing all their feelings towards compassion, mercy and affection, puts them in an animal-like state. This animal-like state, however, is totally perceived as normal and humane by the party and is presented as something which is favored. Citizens who don't posses this animal-like state are perceived as ill. At the end of the novel Winston is referred to as â€Å"cured† when he finally draws 2+2=5 on the table and perceives the principles which the party imposes on him with torture. Winston is considered as a person with an animal-like state since he felt love for another human being. The party treats Winston as if he is ill only because he questions the party's policies and only because he loves a woman. At the end, when Winston is freed from all the â€Å"inhumane† feelings such as doubt or love, he is again regarded as a healthy person by the party. When the theme of humanizing and dehumanizing is concerned, the Proles play an important role. The Proloes, symbolizing a rebellion against the party, are referred to as animal-like creatures; however Winston manages to make a distinction between his own people and the Proles by saying, â€Å"The proles are human beings. We are not (191). † Winston and Julia's love affair in this sense can be regarded as a rebel against the party and as a struggle to become humans and individuals. As Winston's thoughts about Julia are revealed, it's stated: In the old days, he thought, a man looked at a girl's body and saw that it was desirable, and that was the end of the story. But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act (145). As stated, the love affair of Winston and Julia is perceived by them as a rebellion against the party. Since the party is so much full of hatred, love becomes a rebellion against it. Being an important theme in the novel, Orwell also stresses that physical pain can control the human mind. Towards the middle of the novel when Julia and Winston are having one of their regular chats about the system as they say: I don't mean confessing. Confession is not betrayal what you say or do doesn't matter: only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you- that would be the real betrayal. She thought it over. They can't do that she said finally. It's the one thing they can't do. They can make you say anything- anything- but they can't make you believe it. They can't get inside you (192). Despite the firmness of Julia saying that nobody can make her feel something or can make her think something, at the end of the novel, the reader comes to the realization that through physical torture, one can be made feel and believe in anything. As Goldstein tells Winston what he thinks about confessions, he says, â€Å"All the confessions that are uttered here are true. We make them true (291). † The fact that the party does really make the confessions become true, is based on torturing people. Despite the human mind seems to be far away concealed in the skull, Orwell puts forth that physical pain in fact can rule the human mind. As stated in the novel: On the battlefield, in the torture chamber, on a sinking ship, the issues that you are fighting for are always forgotten. , because the body swells up until it fills the universe, and even when you are not paralyzed by fright or screaming with pain, life is a moment-to-moment struggle against hunger or cold or sleeplessness, against a sour stomach or an aching tooth (117). The basic human instinct of survival is actually based on physical aspects. Unless the physical wellbeing is fulfilled and satisfied, there's no rest for the human being. Relating this fact to the basic human instinct of survival, Orwell states that although it looks like the human mind is separate from the physical being, they are in fact directly related and that the physical suffering has the power to rule over the mind. As this is the case, the novel also clearly puts forth that at the end, Winston totally changes his thoughts about the system and even about Julia. In the end after being released from torture, Winston draws 2+2=5 on the table and believes in it. Again, at the very end of the novel Winston says that he has won the battle against himself and that he now finally loves Big Brother (342). Another fact about physical pain ruling the human mind is revealed in the case when Winston and Julia meet again after being released from torture and when they can't feel anything towards each other. As a result of torture and as a result of their survival being threatened for such a long time, both of these human beings have lost their feelings of love towards another human being. Orwell's message at this point might be based on the theme that after being threatened in existence and after being exposed to a tremendous amount of torture, human beings instinctually come to think of only themselves. As Winston and Julia confess to each other that they have betrayed one another in the novel, the heart breaking truth is being revealed that human beings, in depth, are based on the instinct of survival and that they are unconsciously selfish. The novel states: I betrayed you, she said baldly. I betrayed you, he said. She gave him a quick look of dislike. Sometimes, she said they threaten you with something- something you can't stand up to can't even think about. And then you say, don't do it to me, do it to someone else, do it to so-and so. And perhaps you might pretend, afterwards, that it was only a trick and that you just said it to make them stop and didn't really mean it. You think there's no other way of saving yourself, and you're quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don't give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself (336). The sad fact that human beings do only think of themselves and that they are selfish in nature is once more revealed by this remark. However, it is also evident in the novel that human beings who are exposed to torture lose the ability to love and think of other people. Thus, it becomes a fact that physical pain is so strong that it has the ability to erase all sorts of feelings which are related to the wellbeing of other people. Due to their instinct of survival, human beings become ready to sacrifice even people they love, to save themselves. Looking at the party from a religious point of view is also a possible theme in the novel. Being free from all the beliefs which are related to God and his religions, people are still in need to believe in something. The party at this point functions as religion for the people of Oceania, since they are blocked in all the ways which lead to a power that is greater than the party. Thus, representing themselves and the divine power, the party introduces itself as God. The religious motives are present in the novel when Goldstein offers Winston and Julia some wine, and later places a white waffle both on Julia and Winston's tongues so that they don't smell of alcohol. The ceremony which is presented here is similar to the Catholic rituals that take place in church. Believers are offered some wine which symbolizes the blood of Christ and they are placed a piece of bread on their tongs to symbolize the body of Christ. Going through a similar ceremony with Goldstein, Orwell in fact makes a foreshadowing that even the opposition, which stands for Goldstein at the beginning of the novel, is in fact one of the closest persons to the party. Thus, there is no way out of the system. If this theme is compared to the theme of religion, the devil, who is the opposing party to God, is in fact an angel and that it is again strongly related to God. Drawing parallel lines between the party and religion, Orwell states that the Party is God like figure for the people of Oceania and that there's no escape from it. In conclusion, speaking in general terms, the novel functions as a warning against the totalitarian regime and reveals the fact that such repressive regimes, do in fact have the power to manipulate people and that they do have the power in making people believe things which appeared as totally bizarre at the beginning. Taking physical pain ruling over the human mind as a theme, Orwell states that human beings are selfish in nature, since they posses the basic instinct of survival. Putting also major emphasis on the concept of language and how it functions in people's lives, Orwell states that it is in fact the language itself that shapes the motives of people and that makes some concepts become reality. The lack of expression of some concepts in language would automatically destroy them and make them become nonexistent for human beings. Despite the novel as a whole appears as a pessimist approach to the future, taking it as a warning and looking at our present state in today's modern world, readers can still feel gratitude for the present capitalist system they live in now and they still can preserve their hope for a better future.

Do the Right Thing (Spike Lee) Film Analysis

Color Evokes Emotion Spike Lee, the director of Do the Right Thing (1989), makes sure the audience understands how the heat is affecting the characters on the day the film takes place, and to do this he uses color. To subtly express how heated, physically and metaphorically, the characters in the film are, Lee uses warm colors such as red and orange. Likewise, he rids the presence of warm colors and uses cool colors such as blue and white in order to signal to the audience that things have cooled down and the atmosphere has a more loving vibe . From beginning to end Lee makes sure that the audience is aware of the temperature outside.The film uses the words hot and heat a countless number of times throughout the movie, but Lee also uses visuals to engage a sense that is not generally used to identify with temperature . The color red is present in the clothes that the characters wear, the buildings the characters live in and are in front of, and it is the color of numerous props in th e film. For instance, the hottest location in the film, the Pizzeria, had tabletop items, small decorations on the seats and walls, and even the color of the brick oven were a very vivid red that really stood out.The same subtle usage goes for the color orange, but in addition street lights are an orange color, and there is a eye-straining orange tint to the entire film. Lee uses these warm colors to allow the audience connect with the characters, and helps them feel the frustration the heat adds to the already riled up characters. The presence of these heated colors also help enhance the notion of heat, for this film, representing the tension amongst the different races, and the minorities towards the whites. During the climax of the film the Pizzeria is set into flames, and its heavy orange glow is reflected on the faces of Sal and his sons.In the couple of scenes where tension is not so high, and people are not completely suffering from the heat, Lee removes the orange tint and w arm colors and instead replaces them with cool tone colors such as blue and white. Specifically, in the scene where the two boys unscrew the fire hydrant and use its water to entertain and cool off the people of the neighborhood the audience will notice an absence of the orange tint and the presence of people wearing blue and white. This cooled down scene is then interrupted and upset by a white man driving a car that happens to be red.Lee also uses the cool toned colors to show love. When the main character, Mookie, and his baby’s mother, Tina, are having an intimate moment he has her remove the clothes she has on which happen to be warm colors. Similarly, when he goes to the freezer to retrieve an ice cube his son and Tina’s mom are in there, both dressed in blue shirts. Taking away the warm colors and orange tint allows the audience to feel the same kind of sense of relief as the characters feel in theses scenes. Lee’s usage of color is to help the audience f eel, on a deeper level, what the characters in the film are feeling.Whether it be from the actual heat of the sun or the heat produced by the tension in the neighborhood and with â€Å"the man†. The most tension and hate filled moment in the film is topped off with a fire burning bright oranges and reds. Lee also made sure to allow the audience to experience more than just hate (or heat) by including scenes that did not have an orange tint or warm colors, but instead cool colors. Lee successfully appealed to the audience’s feelings through the use of colors and made sure they could connect with the characters more personably.